Chaper 1: The Field of Social Psychology: How We Think About and Interact With Others

Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Language

Nonverbal Communication: The Basic Channels

Facial Expressions and Social Thought: Why "Smile When You Say That, Partner" May Not Always Be Good Advice

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Body Language in the Courtroom

Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Others' Behavior

Theories of Attribution: Frameworks for Understanding How We Attempt to Make Sense of the Social World

Attribution: Some Basic Sources of Error

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Bias

Applications of Attribution Theory: Insights and Interventions

Impression Formation and Impression Management: How We Combine-and Use-Social Information

Cornerstones of Social Psychology: Asch's Research on Central nd Peripheral Traits

Impression Formation: The Modern Cognitive Approach

Impression Management: The Fine Art of Looking Good

The Accuracy of Social Perception: Evidence That It's Higher Than You Might Guess

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take With You: Minimizing the Impact of Attributional Errors

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Schemas: Mental Frameworks for Organizing-and Using-Social Information

Types of Schemas: Persons, Roles, and Events

The Impact of Schemas on Social Cognition: Attention, Encoding, Retrieval

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Evidence for the Self-Confirming Nature of Schemas: When and Why Beliefs Shape Reality

Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts in Social Cognition

Representativeness: Judging by Resemblance

Availability: "If I Can Think of It, It Must Be Important"

Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Why Total Rationality Is Scarcer Than You Think

Rational versus Intuitive Processing: Going with Our Gut-Level Feelings Even When We Know Better

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Do Safety Devices Save Lives? Don't Bet on It!

Dealing with Inconsistent Information: Paying Attention to What Doesn't Fit

The Planning Fallacy: Why We Often Think We Can Do More, Sooner, Than We Really Can

The Potential Costs of Thinking Too Much: Why, Sometimes, Our Tendency to Do As Little Cognitive Work As Possible May Be Justified

Counterfactual Thinking: The Effects of Considering "What Might Have Been"

Magical Thinking: Would You Eat a Chocolate Shaped Like a Spider?

Thought Suppression: Why Efforts to Avoid Thinking Certain Thoughts Sometimes Backfire

Social Cognition: A Word of Optimism

Affect and Cognition: How Feelings Shape Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings

Connections between Affect and Cognition: Some Intriguing Effects

The Affect Infusion Model: How Affect Influences Cognition

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Culture and the Appraisal of Emotions

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Common Errors in Social Cognition

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Attitude Formation: How We Come to Hold the Views We Do

Social Learning: Acquiring Attitudes from Others

Social Comparison and Attitude Formation

Genetic Factors: Some Surprising Recent Findings

Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? And If So, When and How?

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Attitudes versus Actions:

When Saying Is Definitely Not Doing

When Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? Specificity, Strength, Accessibility, and Other Factors

How Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? Intentions, Willingness, and Action

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: When Personal Health and Looking Sexy Collide, Guess Which Wins?

The Fine Art of Persuasion: Using Messages to Change Attitudes

Persuasion: The Early Approach

The Cognitive Approach to Persuasion: Systematic versus Heuristic Processing

Other Factors Affecting Persuasion: Attitude Function and the Role of Nonverbal Cues

When Attitude Change Fails: Resistance to Persuasion

Reactance: Protecting Our Personal Freedom

Forewarning: Prior Knowledge of Persuasive Intent

Selective Avoidance

Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: "If It's Contrary to What I Believe, Then It Must Be Unreliable-or Worse!"

Cognitive Dissonance: Why Our Behavior Can Sometimes Influence Our Attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance: What It Is and Various Ways (Direct and Indirect) to Reduce It

Dissonance and Attitude Change: The Effects of Induced Compliance

Dissonance As a Tool for Beneficial Changes in Behavior: When Hypocrisy Can Be a Force for Good

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Is Dissonance Culture-Bound? Evidence from a Cross-National Study

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Resisting Persuasion: Some Useful Steps

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

The Self: Components of One's Identity

Self-Concept: The All-Important Schema

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis - Cultural Influences on the Self: The Effects of Individualism versus Collectivism

Self-Esteem: Attitudes about Oneself

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Rogers, Self-Theory, Self-Ideal Discrepancy, and Personality Change

Other Aspects of Self-Functioning: Focusing, Monitoring, and Efficacy

Focusing on Oneself versus Focusing on the External World

Monitoring One's Behavior on the Basis of Internal versus External Factors

Self-Efficacy: Having Confidence in Oneself

Gender: Maleness or Femaleness As a Crucial Aspect of Identity

Gender Identity and Gender Stereotypes

Gender-Role Behavior and Reactions to Gender-Role Behavior

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Does Gender Discrimination Still Occur in the Workplace?

When Men and Women Differ: Biology, Gender Roles, or Both?

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas To Take With You: Dealing with Negative Self-Perceptions

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Prejudice and Discrimination: Their Nature and Effects

Prejudice: Choosing Whom to Hate

Prejudice: Why It Persists

Discrimination: Prejudice in Action

The Origins of Prejudice: Contrasting Perspectives

Direct Intergroup Conflict: Competition As a Source of Prejudice

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: The Economics of Racial Violence: Do Bad Times Fan the Flames of Prejudice?

Early Experience: The Role of Social Learning

Social Categorization: The Us-versus-Them Effect and the "Ultimate" Attribution Error

Social Diversity: A critical analysis: Perceived Similarity to Out-groups: Russians' Reactions to Ukrainians, Moldavians, and Georgians

Cognitive Sources of Prejudice: The Role of Stereotypes

Other Cognitive Mechanisms in Prejudice: Illusory Correlations and Out-group Homogeneity

Why Prejudice Is Not Inevitable: Techniques for Countering Its Effects

Breaking the Cycle of Prejudice: On Learning Not to Hate

Direct Intergroup Contact: The Potential Benefits of Acquaintance

Recategorization: Redrawing the Boundary between "Us" and "Them"

Cognitive Interventions: When Stereotypes Shatter-or at Least Become Less Compelling

Prejudice Based on Gender: Its Nature and Effects

Gender Stereotypes: The Cognitive Core of Sexism

Discrimination against Females: Subtle but Often Deadly

Sexual Harassment: When Discrimination Hits Rock Bottom

Beyond The Headlines: as social psychologists see it: Can a Lecture Be Sexually Harassing?

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Techniques for Reducing Prejudice

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Recognizing and Evaluating Strangers: Proximity and Emotions

Attraction: An Overview

Repeated Unplanned Contacts Lead to Attraction

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Can Classroom Seating Assignments Affect One's Life?

Affective State: Positive versus Negative Emotions As the Basis for Attraction

Becoming Acquaintances: The Need to Affiliate and the Effect of Observable Characteristics

Affiliation Need: Dispositional and Situational Determinants of Interpersonal Associations

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Festinger's Social Comparison Theory

Responding to Observable Characteristics: Instant Cues to Attraction

Becoming Close Acquaintances and Moving toward Friendship: Similarity and Reciprocal Positive Evaluations

Opposites Don't Attract, but Birds of a Feather Really Do Flock Together

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Interracial Dating among Asian Americans

Reciprocal Positive Evaluations: If You Like Me, I Like You

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: How to Encourage Others to Like You

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Interdependent Relationships with Family and Friends-or Loneliness

The First Relationships Are a Family Matter

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Felt Obligation toward Parents: Differences within Families and across Cultures

Relationships beyond the Family: Finding a Close Friend

Effects of Attachment Style on Adult Relationships

Loneliness: Failing to Establish Close Relationships

Romantic Relationships, Love, and Physical Intimacy

Romantic Relationships

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Romance in the Workplace

What Is This Thing Called Love?

Sexuality in Romantic Relationships

Marriage: Moving beyond Romance

Similarity and Marriage

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Terman's Study of Husband-Wife Similarity and Marital Success

Marital Sex, Love, Parenthood, and Other Influences on General Satisfaction

Troubled Relationships and the Effects of Marital Failure

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: All You Need Is Love?

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Conformity: Group Influence in Action

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Asch's Research on Conformity: Social Pressure-the Irresistible Force?

Factors Affecting Conformity: Variables That Determine the Extent to Which We "Go Along"

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: The Persistence of Social Norms: Some Unsettling Effects of the "Culture of Honor"

The Bases of Conformity: Why We Often Choose to "Go Along"

The Need for Individuality and the Need for Personal Control: Why, Sometimes, We Choose Not to Go Along

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Dress Codes versus Personal Freedom: When Norms Collide

Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule?

Compliance: To Ask-Sometimes-Is to Receive

Compliance: The Underlying Principles

Tactics Based on Friendship or Liking: Ingratiation

Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency: The Foot in the Door and the Lowball

Tactics Based on Reciprocity: The Door-in-the-Face and the "That's-Not-All" Approach

Tactics Based on Scarcity: Playing Hard to Get and the Fast-Approaching-Deadline Technique

Other Tactics for Gaining Compliance: Complaining and Putting Others in a Good Mood

Individual Differences in the Use of Social Influence: Do Different Persons Prefer Different Tactics?

Obedience: Social Influence by Demand

Destructive Obedience: Some Basic Findings

Destructive Obedience: Its Social Psychological Basis

Destructive Obedience: Resisting Its Effects

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Tactics for Gaining Compliance

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Responding to an Emergency: Why Are Bystanders Sometimes Helpful, Sometimes Indifferent?

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Darley and Latan: Why Bystanders Don't Respond

Providing Help-Yes or No? Five Essential Steps in the Decision Process

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Big Cities versus Small Towns:

Does Prosocial Behavior Depend in Part on Where You Live?

Situational Factors That Enhance or Inhibit Helping: Attraction, Attributions, and Prosocial Models

The Helpers and Those Who Receive Help

Helping As a Function of the Bystander's Emotional State

Dispositional Differences in Prosocial Responding

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Ordinary People Sometimes Do Extraordinary Things

Volunteering: Motivations for Long-Term Help

Who Receives Help, and How Do People React to Being Helped?

Explaining Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

Empathy-Altruism: It Feels Good to Help Those in Need

Negative-State Relief: It Reduces One's Negative Affect to Relieve a Stressful Situation

Empathic Joy: Successful Helping As a Way to Arouse Positive Affect

Genetic Determinism: Helping Maximizes the Survival of Genes Like One's Own

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Being a Responsive Bystander

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of the Roots of Violence

Instinct Theories and the Role of Biological Factors: Are We Programmed for Violence?

Drive Theories: The Motive to Harm Others

Modern Theories of Aggression: Taking Account of Learning, Cognitions, Mood, and Arousal

Determinants of Human Aggression: Social, Personal, Situational

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: The Buss Technique for Studying Physical Aggression: "Would You

Electrocute a Stranger?" Revisited

Social Determinants of Aggression: Frustration, Provocation, Media Violence, and Heightened Arousal

Personal Causes of Aggression

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: Murder of the Truly Defenseless: When Mothers Go Berserk

Situational Determinants of Aggression: The Effects of High Temperatures and Alcohol Consumption

Child Abuse and Workplace Violence: Aggression in Long-Term Relationships

Child Maltreatment: Harming the Innocent

Workplace Violence: Aggression on the Job

The Prevention and Control of Aggression: Some Useful Techniques

Punishment: An Effective Deterrent to Violence?

Catharsis: Does Getting It out of Your System Really Help?

Cognitive Interventions: Apologies and Overcoming Cognitive Deficits

Other Techniques for Reducing Aggression: Exposure to Nonaggressive Models, Training in Social Skills, and Incompatible Responses

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: "Would You Murder Someone You Truly Hated If You Could Get Away with It?" Cultural and Gender Differences in Aggressive Intentions

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Causes of Human Aggression: An Overview

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Groups: Their Nature and Function

Group Formation: Why Do People Join Groups?

How Groups Function: Roles, Status, Norms, and Cohesiveness

How Groups Affect Individual Performance: Facilitation or Social Loafing?

Social Facilitation: Performance in the Presence of Others

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: Performance in the Presence of Others: The Simplest Group Effect?

Social Loafing: Letting Others Do the Work When Part of a Group

Coordination in Groups: Cooperation or Conflict?

Cooperation: Working with Others to Achieve Shared Goals

Conflict: Its Nature, Causes, and Effects

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: How to Start a Conflict When There Is None

Resolving Conflicts: Some Useful Techniques

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Conflict across Ethnic and Cultural Boundaries

Perceived Fairness in Groups: Getting What We Deserve-or Else!

Judgments of Fairness: Outcomes, Procedures, and Courtesy

Reactions to Perceived Unfairness: Tactics for Dealing with Injustice

Decision Making by Groups: How It Occurs and the Pitfalls It Faces

The Decision-Making Process: How Groups Attain Consensus

The Nature of Group Decisions: Moderation or Polarization?

Potential Dangers of Group Decision Making: Groupthink and the Tendency of Group Members to Tell One Another What They Already Know

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Maximizing Your Own Performance and Minimizing

Social Loafing by Others

Summary and Review of Key Points

Key Terms

For More Information

Applying Social Psychology to the Interpersonal Aspects of the Legal System

Before the Trial Begins: Effects of Police Interrogation and Pretrial Publicity

The Testimony of Eyewitnesses: Problems and Solutions

The Effects of Attorneys and Judges on Verdicts

Additional Influences on Verdicts: Defendant Characteristics and Juror Characteristics

Social Diversity: A Critical Analysis: Race As a Crucial Factor in the Courtroom

Applying Social Psychology to Health-Related Behavior

Processing Health-Related Information

Beyond The Headlines: As Social Psychologists See It: What Are the Effects of Vitamin C?

The Emotional and Physiological Effects of Stress

Coping with Stress

Applying Social Psychology to the World of Work: Job Satisfaction, Helping, and Leadership

Job Satisfaction: Attitudes about Work

Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Prosocial Behavior at Work

Leadership: Patterns of Influence within Groups

Cornerstones Of Social Psychology: What Style of Leadership Is Best? Some Early Insights

Connections: Integrating Social Psychology

Ideas to Take with You: Don't Rush to Judgment

Summary and Review of Key Points Key Terms For More Information References &; Glossary Name Index Subject Index

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