The condition of being culturally distinct from the culture of the majority because of race, religion, or national origin

When the social arrangements and accepted ways of doing things in society disadvantage a racial group

A social category composed of persons who differ from the majority, are relatively powerless, and are the objects of discrimination

A group socially defined on the basis of a presumed common genetic heritage resulting in distinguishing physical characteristics

Explanations that argue that some flaw in a social groups's way of life is responsible for their secondary status

An explanation that blames the prejudiced attitudes of majority members for the secondary status of the minority

Racially defined ethnic group

Institutionalized patterns of discrimination that operate independently of peoples's attitudes

The established customary and respected ways in which society operates to keep the minority in a subordinate position

The process by which individuals or groups voluntarily or involuntarily adopt the culture of another group, losing their original identity

The argument that there are fundamental differences between the experiences of racial ethnics and european ethnics

The process whereby society continuously creates and transforms racial categories.

The disproportionate exposure of some racial groups to environmental toxic substances.