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Brief Contents To the Student To the Instructor Part 1  Introduction to Child Development      1  Introduction to the Study of Children’s Development      2  Understanding Development Part 2  Prenatal and Neonatal Development      3  Genetics and Prenatal Development      4  Birth and Neonatal Development Part 3  Infant and Toddler Development      5  Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood      6  Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Part 4  Early Childhood Development      7  Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development in Early Childhood      8  Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood Part 5  Late Childhood Development      9  Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development in Late Childhood    10  Social and Emotional Development in Late Childhood Part 6  Early Adolescent Development    11  Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adolescence    12  Social and Emotional Development in Early Adolescence Part 7  Late Adolescent Development    13  Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adolescence    14  Social and Emotional Development in Late Adolescence Developmental timeline References Glossary Author Index Subject Index Detailed Contents Contents To the Student To the Instructor Acknowledgments About the Authors Part 1  Introduction to Child Development 1. Introduction to the Study of Children’s Development What Is Child Development? What Are Some Critical Issues in the Study of Child Development?      Influences on Child Development Teasing Out the Roles of Nature and Nurture In Research Focus What Conclusions Can We Draw from Stories About Wild Children? Continuity versus Discontinuity Critical and Sensitive Periods Individual Differences in Development What Are the Historical Roots of the Study of Child Development? Children of Antiquity Children as Miniature Adults: Medieval Children Early Philosophical Roots of Childhood Charles Darwin: Evolution and Child Development G. Stanley Hall: Pioneer in the Study of Development What Changes in Contemporary American Life Influence the Study of Child Development? Changes in Family Structure In Everyday Life Trends in US Family Values in the Past Fifty Years At Issue What Is the Impact of Immigration on American Life Ethnic and Racial Diversity In Research Focus Is Development Different for Children of Color? Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents What Is the Conceptual Basis for This Book? Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Child Development 2. Understanding Development How Do Theories Explain Child Development? Scientific Theories Evaluating Theories of Development What Are the Major Biology-Based Theories of Child Development? Evolutionary Theories Ethological Theory Attachment Theory Neurodevelopmental Approaches What Are the Major Psychoanalytic Theories of Child Development? Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory What Are the Major Environment-Based Theories of Child Development? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory What Are the Major Cognition-Based Theories of Child Development? Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development Information Processing Theory What Are the Major Contextual Theories of Child Development? Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory D ynamic Systems Theory How Is Child Development Studied? Scientific Reasoning and the Scientific Method In Everyday Life Resonating with a Theory: Assessing Your Personal Beliefs Basic and Applied Developmental Research Research Strategies At Issue What Are the Ethical Concerns in Studying Child Development? In Research Focus How Can Results from Different Studies Be Combined? At Issue Do Gifted Children Become Well-Adjusted Adults? Measuring Change over Time Measuring Children’s Behavior Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Child Development Grasping the Whole Benchmark Characteristics of the Stages of Child Development Used in This Book Status Report on Child Development Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for Child Development Part 2  PrenatalNeonatal Development 3.Genetics and Prenatal Development How Do Genes Influence Development? Genes and Chromosomes Genetic Transmission Patterns At Issue Should the Sex of a Child Be Preselected? What Are Common Chromosomal Abnormalities? Down Syndrome Sex Chromosome Abnormalities How Are Genetic Diseases Detected? Genetic Technology In Everyday Life Treating a Diseased Fetus Genetic Counseling How Does Prenatal Development Proceed? Ovulation Spermatogenesis Fertilization Overview of Prenatal Development At Issue Should Humans Be Cloned? In Everyday Life Finding New Ways to Make Babies The Germinal Stage The Embryonic Stage The Fetal Stage In Research Focus Can Fetuses Learn? What Conditions Influence Pregnancy and Prenatal Development? Diseases Drugs Environmental Hazards Maternal Conditions Protective Factors In Research Focus What Are the Effects of Prenatal Malnutrition? The Dutch Famine of 1944–1945 Cultural Influences on Pregnancy Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Applications and Activities Relating to Pregnancy and Prenatal Development 4. Birth and Neonatal Development How Is a Baby Born? The Birth Process Birthing Methods Birth Complications and Related Procedures How Is Childbirth Experienced? The Mother’s Perspective The Father’s Perspective The Newborn’s Perspective Parent-Newborn Bonding Cultural Differences in the Experience of Childbirth What Are the Characteristics of a Newborn? Physical Appearance Neonatal Reflexes Neonatal States Neonatal Sleep Patterns At Issue Should Babies Sleep with Their Parents? Neonatal Imitation Behavioral Assessment of Neonates How Does Early Brain Development Proceed? Progressive Events in Brain Development Brain Plasticity Regressive Events in Brain Development Environmental Effects on Brain Development How Do Neonates Perceive Their Worlds? The Visual World of the Newborn The Newborn’s World of Sound In Research Focus Do Newborns Prefer to Hear Their Own Language? The Newborn’s World of Taste, Smell, and Touch The “Dance of Perception” Why Are Some Newborns At Risk? Consequences of Low Birthweight and Prematurity In Research Focus Can a Breathing Bear Help Preterm Infants? Neonatal Intensive Care In Everyday Life Reading Premature Babies’ Signals At Issue Should There Be Limits to Neonatal Treatment? Caregiving and High-Risk Infants In Everyday Life Preventing SIDS Infant Mortality Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Pregnancy and Neonates Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Prenatal and Neonatal Development Status Report on Prenatal and Neonatal Development Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for Pregnancy, Prenatal, and Neonatal Development Part 3  InfantToddler Development 5. Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood How Do Infants and Toddlers Develop Physically? Growth Patterns in Infants and Toddlers Motor Development in Infants and Toddlers In Everyday Life Assessing Development in Infants and Toddlers Bowel and Bladder Control What Factors Influence Infant Health and Safety? Promoting Healthy Development and Growth Avoiding Accidents Infant Nutrition At Issue Should Babies Be Taught to Swim? Weaning and Feeding Infants and Toddlers Failure-to-Thrive Infants How Do Infants’ Perceptual Abilities Develop? Perception of Colors, Patterns, and Faces Perception of Moving Objects Depth Perception How Do Infants and Toddlers Learn and Remember? Learning Through Contingency and Association Learning What’s Familiar: Habituation and Novelty Responses Long-Term Memory In Research Focus Do Infants Display Memories for Gender-Typed Behavior? How Do Cognitive Abilities Develop During the Sensorimotor Period? Stage I: Using Reflexive Schemes (Birth to 1 Month) Stage II: Exploring Movements of the Body (1 to 4 Months) Stage III: Exploring Objects (4 to 8 Months) Stage IV: Active Problem Solving (8 to 12 Months) Stage V: Creative Problem Solving (12 to 18 Months) Stage VI: Using Symbols to Represent Reality (18 to 24 Months) Infants’ Understanding of the Permanence of Objects Infants’ Understanding of Number Concepts Perception and Early Cognitive Development The Social Contexts of Early Learning and Cognitive Development The Cultural Contexts of Early Learning and Cognitive Development How Do Infants and Toddlers Develop Language Skills? Before the First Words In Research Focus Can Babies Communicate Through Hand Signals? First Words Development of Vocabulary First Sentences How Is Children’s Language Acquisition Explained? Innate Theories: Biological Influences on Language Acquisition Learning-Based Theories of Language Acquisition Social Interaction Theories of Language Acquisition In Research Focus Is There a Signing Version of Child-Directed Language with Deaf Children? Genie’s Outcomes Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Infants and Toddlers 6. Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood How Do Emotions Develop During Infancy and Toddlerhood? Smiling and Laughter In Everyday Life Soothing a Crying Infant Crying At Issue Should a Crying Baby Be Soothed? Anger and Temper Tantrums In Everyday Life Dealing with Temper Tantrums Self-Awareness and Emotions Play and Emotional Development How Does Temperament Influence Development during Infancy and Toddlerhood? Temperamental Traits Patterns of Temperamental Responding How Do Parent-Infant Attachments Influence Development? In Research Focus What Are the Early Roots of Shyness? Attachment Theory The Development of Attachment In Everyday Life Handling Early Separation Assessing Patterns of Attachment in the Strange Situation Caregiver and Child Factors Affecting Attachment The Role of Culture in Attachment Consequences of Attachment Attachment to Fathers How Does Day Care Influence Infants’ and Toddlers’ Development? Patterns of Day Care Use Effects of Day Care In Research Focus How Does Day Care Affect Infants’ Emotional Development? Culture and Day Care In Everyday Life Judging the Quality of a Day Care Program In Research Focus How Does Day Care in an Israeli Kibbutz Affect Infant Development? Why Are Children Abused and Neglected? Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect Characteristics of Victims of Child Abuse and Neglect Characteristics of Child Abusers Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Infants and Toddlers Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Infant and Toddler Development Status Report on Infants and Toddlers Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for Infants and Toddlers Part 4  Early Childhood Development 7. Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development in Early Childhood How Do Children’s Bodies and Motor Skills Develop During Early Childhood? Changing Body Size and Appearance Brain Development Gross Motor Skills In Everyday Life The Development of Handedness Fine Motor Skills Cultural and Racial Influences on Motor Development What Are the Nutritional and Health Issues for Young Children? Undernourishment and Malnourishment Accidents and Diseases In Everyday Life Helping Young Children Become Healthy Eaters How Do Young Children Think and Solve Problems? Preoperational Thinking Evaluating Piaget’s Theory of Preoperational Development Young Children’s Memory Young Children’s Understanding of Everyday Events Young Children as Experts At Issue Can Young Children’s Eyewitness Testimony Be Believed? Theory of Mind: Young Children’s Understanding of Mental Events Young Children’s Understanding of Pretend and Real The Social Context of Cognitive Development Cultural Influences on Young Children’s Thinking Educating Young Children In Research Focus When Are Young Children Prepared to Start School? Early Intervention and Young Children’s Cognitive Development What Changes Occur in Young Children’s Language Development during Early Childhood? Vocabulary Solving the Mystery of Word Meaning Young Children’s Language Styles Beyond Two-Word Sentences Understanding Conversational Rules In Research Focus Does Abuse or Neglect Influence Children’s Language Acquisition? In Everyday Life Strategies for Helping Children Learn Language The Social Context of Language Development Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Young Children 8. Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood How Does Self-Awareness Change During Early Childhood? Developing Self-Concept Developing Self-Esteem Influences on Young Children’s Awareness of Self In Research Focus Is Self-Esteem Lower in African American and Hispanic Children? How Do Young Children Develop a Concept of Gender? Young Children’s Gender Stereotypes Young Children’s Gender-Typed Play Preferences Similarities and Differences Between Young Girls and Boys What Are the Contemporary Theories of Gender Development? Biological Theories Social Learning Theories Cognitive Theories How Do Emotions Develop During Early Childhood? Dealing with Conflict, Anger, and Aggression Developing Caring Feelings and Actions How Do Parenting Behaviors Influence Young Children’s Development? In Everyday Life Fostering Children’s Concern and Caring for Others Disciplining Young Children Influences on Parents’ Use of Discipline Parenting Styles In Research Focus How Does Poverty Affect Parenting? How Does Divorce Affect Young Children’s Development? Young Children’s Understanding of Divorce Effects of Divorce on Young Children’s Behavior and Adjustment Factors That Affect Young Children’s Adjustment to Divorce Child Custody Arrangements Young Children’s Adjustment to Remarriage At Issue Does Custody Make a Difference? How Do Peer and Sibling Relationships Develop during Early Childhood? Young Children’s Friendships Young Children at Play In Research Focus Why Do Boys and Girls Prefer Same-Sex Playmates? Young Children’s Sibling Relationships How Does Television Influence Young Children’s Emotional and Social Development? Effects of Television on Family Life Effects of Television Violence on Children’s Aggression In Everyday Life Practical Guidelines for Supervising Children’s Television Viewing Effects of Television on Children’s Prosocial Behavior Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Young Children Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Early Childhood Development Status Report on Early Childhood Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for Preschool Children Part 5  Late Childhood Development 9. Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development in Late Childhood How Do Children Develop Physically During Late Childhood? Brain Development Body Size and Appearance Motor Development Physical Fitness and Sports Nutrition Obesity How Do Older Children Think and Solve Problems? Children’s Logical Problem Solving Children’s Understanding of Categories and Concepts Children’s Understanding of Seriation Culture as a Context for Children’s Learning How Do Language and Literacy Develop During the School Years? Development of Syntax In Research Focus Are There Cultural Differences in Children’s Reasoning? Development of Semantics Development of Pragmatics Children’s Literacy In Everyday Life Helping Children Learn to Read and Write What Characteristics Define Children’s Intelligence and Creativity? Measuring Intelligence Understanding the Limits of IQ Scores Identifying the Components of Intelligence Creativity in Children How Do Older Children Understand the Social World? Social Perspective Taking: Communicating with Others Children’s Understanding of Others’ Beliefs and Feelings Children’s Understanding of Race and Prejudice In Everyday Life Reducing Prejudice in Children How Does Schooling Influence Children’s Cognitive Development? Opportunities for Active Learning Multicultural and Multilingual Education Teachers’ Bias in Achievement Expectations At Issue How Successful Is Bilingual Education? In Research Focus Do Teachers’ Expectations Influence Children’s School Performance? How Do Schools Address Students’ Special Needs? Children with Physical Disabilities Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders At Issue Should ADHD Children Be Treated with Stimulants? Children with Mental Retardation Gifted and Talented Children How Do Family and Culture Influence Children’s Intellectual Development? Impact of Poverty on Children’s Intellectual Development Role of the Family in Children’s Giftedness Roles of Parental Involvement and Cultural Beliefs in Academic Achievement Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Older Children 10. Social and Emotional Development in Late Childhood How Do Emotions Develop During Late Childhood? Stress and Coping Children’s Responses to Community Violence In Research Focus What Can We Learn About Resilience from Children Who Survived the Holocaust? What Emotional and Psychological Disturbances Affect Children in Late Childhood?  Antisocial Behavior In Everyday Life A Case Study of an Antisocial Child In Research Focus How Do Families Contribute to Children’s Antisocial Behavior? Childhood Depression Children’s Fears and Anxieties How Do Children’s Family Relationships Change During Late Childhood? Reduced Parent-Child Interaction Reduced Parental Supervision Increased Importance of Sibling Relationships Only Children What Factors Influence Older Children’s Peer Relationships? In Research Focus How Can Public Policy Affect Children and Families? The Case of China Peer Rejection Development of Social Competence How Does School Affect Older Children’s Social and Emotional Development? Influence of the School Environment In Research Focus Are Schools Safe? In Everyday Life Maintaining High Expectations for All Children Influence of Teacher-Child Relationships What Changes Take Place in Moral Development During Late Childhood? Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Culture and Morality At Issue Are There Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning? Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Older Children Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Late Childhood Status Report on Late Childhood Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for School-Aged Children Part 6  Early Adolescent Development 11. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adolescence What is Early Adolescence? Historical Perspectives on Adolescence Cultural Perspectives on Adolescence Terminology Used in Defining Adolescence How Do Physical Growth and Sexual Maturation Occur During Early Adolescence? The Adolescent Growth Spurt The Process of Puberty In Everyday Life Treating Precocious Puberty Young Adolescents’ Responses to Physical and Sexual Maturation Psychological Reactions to Pubertal Events At Issue Do Gender Roles Intensify When Adolescents Reach Puberty? What Are the Health Concerns for Young Adolescents? Nutrition Eating Disturbances and Disorders In Research Focus How Does Culture Influence Adolescents’ Body Image and Eating Behavior? How Do Young Adolescents Think and Solve Problems? Reaching Cognitive Maturity: Formal Operational Thinking At Issue Is Formal Operational Thinking Universal? Adolescent Egocentrism How Does School Influence Early Adolescent Development? Adaptation to a Change in Schools In Everyday Life Developmentally Appropriate Middle Schools Perceptions of Academic Competence Academic Achievement and Cultural Diversity Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Young Adolescents 12. Social and Emotional Development in Early Adolescence How Do Young Adolescents View Themselves? Self-Concept During Early Adolescence Self-Esteem During Early Adolescence Gender and the Self During Early Adolescence In Research Focus How Do Cultural Conditions Influence Adolescents’ Self-Concepts? How Do Adolescents Form an Identity? Erikson’s Theory of Adolescent Identity Development Marcia’s Theory of Adolescent Identity Development Gender Differences in Adolescent Identity Formation Ethnic Identity How Do Family Relationships Change during Early Adolescence? Parenting and Early Adolescent Development The Bidirectionality of Parent-Adolescent Relationships In Research Focus How Does Parental Supervision Impact Early Adolescent Development? Parent-Adolescent Conflict What Are the Characteristics of Early Adolescent Peer relationships? The Adolescent Peer Culture At Issue Do Friends Lead Adolescents into Trouble? Friendships During Early Adolescence Peer Popularity and Rejection Dating and Romantic Relationships Emerging Sexuality During Early Adolescence Deviant Peer Groups: Adolescent Gangs In Everyday Life Gang Prevention How Do Mass Media Influence Young Adolescents’ development? Popular Music Computers In Everyday Life Safety on the Internet Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Young Adolescents Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Early Adolescence Status Report on Young Adolescents Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines for Young Teens Part 7  Late Adolescent Development 13. Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adolescence What Are the Health and Safety Issues in Late Adolescence? Accidents Homicides Suicide In Everyday Life Risky Behaviors of Adolescents Sexually Transmitted Diseases AIDS Diseases and Chronic Illnesses In Everyday Life Adolescent AIDS: The Legacy of Ryan White Fitness and Exercise At Issue Should Schools Start Later for Teens? Sports and Development in Adolescence In Research Focus How Does Athletic Performance Influence Girls’ Development? What Changes Occur in Older Adolescents’ Thinking and Reasoning? Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Relationships Understanding Other People’s Perspectives Moral Reasoning and Moral Education in Late Adolescence Political and Religious Thinking What Gender Differences Are Found in Adolescents’ Cognitive Abilities and Achievement? Gender Differences in Verbal Skills Gender Differences in Spatial-Visual Skills Gender Differences in Math and Science Skills Explaining Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities and Achievement What Factors Contribute to Dropping Out of School? Characteristics of High School Dropouts Preventing High School Dropout In Research Focus What Factors Promote Academic Achievement Among Adolescents from Immigrant Families? Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Older Adolescents 14. Social and Emotional Development in Late Adolescence How Do Older Adolescents Develop Autonomy? Forms of Autonomy Factors That Contribute to Adolescent Autonomy In Everyday Life Enhancing Adolescents’ Constructive Autonomy How Does Sexuality Change During Late Adolescence? Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors of Older Adolescents Correlates of Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors At Issue Are Adolescents Influenced by Exposure to Televised Sex? The Social-Psychological Context of Adolescent Sexuality Adolescent Contraceptive Use Teen Pregnancy In Research Focus Is Childhood Sexual Abuse Related to Teen Pregnancy? Adolescent Parenting Adolescent Sex Education Gay and Lesbian Youth What Types of Behavior Problems Occur During Late Adolescence? Antisocial Behavior In Research Focus What Family Factors Relate to Violence Among Minority Youths? Depression Substance Use and Abuse In Everyday Life Preventing Teenage Drug Use How Does Employment Affect Older Adolescents? What Factors Influence Adolescents’ Vulnerability and Resiliency? Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Activities and Applications Relating to Older Adolescents Grasping the Whole Benchmarks in Late Adolescence Status Report on Older Adolescents Suggested Readings Recommended Websites National Hotlines Developmental Timeline Photo Credits References Glossary Author Index Subject Index

 

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