Chapter 2 Essay Questions

1. Distinguish between observations and inferences. How are each used in the process of science?
   
   
2. What is the distinction between inductive and deductive thinking? How is inductive and deductive reasoning related to the empirical and rational aspects of science?
   
   
3. Describe the phases of a research project. What specific tasks are faced by the researcher at each phase?
   
   
4. What is meant by level of constraint? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using high constraint research procedures?
   
   
5. What is the primary value of low-constraint research, and how can it be used in science?
   
   
6. What are the roles of models and theories in science?
   
   
7. What are the different types of theories in science?