Table of Contents
Naturalistic Observation and Case-Study Research
Challenge of Low-Constraint Research
Naturalistic Observation Examples
Case-Study Examples
Value of these Methods
Problem Statements and Hypotheses
Making Observations
Archival Records
Ethical Issues
Sampling of Participants
Sampling of Situations
Sampling of Behaviors
Evaluating the Data
Limitations
Poor Representativeness
Poor Replicability
Ex Post Facto Fallacy
Limitations of the Observer
Experimenter Bias
Going Beyond the Data
Survey Research
Types of Surveys
Steps in Survey Research
Form of the Survey Instrument
Developing a Survey Instrument
Sample Open-Ended Questions
Sample Multiple-Choice Questions
Sample Likert-Scale Questions
Issues in Sampling
Sampling Procedures
Sample Size
Research Design of Surveys
Summary
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