1. What would a physiognomist look at in order to determine if a person had a criminal nature?

personality traits
physical features
their environment
all of the above

2. According to Merton, anomie may be defined as:

the imbalance between a society's goals and the means to achieve them
a society without norms
the inequality between society's haves and have-nots
a society without effective informal social control

3. ____________ buy into the cultural goals but, finding the institutionalized means blocked, they turn to illegitimate means to achieve these ends.

Innovators
Ritualists
Retreatists
Rebels

4. Which of the following is NOT a component of Cohen's subculture theory?

maliciousness
group autonomy
negativism
fate

5. According to ____________ it's not just lower-class boys whose values are different from the dominant middle-class, it's all members of the lower-class.

Merton's strain theory
Cohen's subculture theory
Miller's subculture theory
Hirschi's control theory

6. Cloward and Ohlin built on Merton's strain theory by adding:

two additional modes of adaptation to Merton's original five
the idea that women also experience strain
the idea that the family is where most strain originates
the idea that differential access to illegitimate opportunities is important

7. ____________ asks not why people are deviant, but rather why anyone conforms.

Hirschi's control theory
Sutherland's differential association theory
Merton's strain theory
Cohen's subculture theory

8. Involvement refers to:

an individual's sensitivity to the feelings of others
the opportunity to deviate
the extent to which an individual believes he or she should obey the rules
the stake people have in playing by the rules

9. Edwin H. Sutherland developed a theory of deviance called ________________ theory, which is generally regarded as one of the most influential theories of the twentieth century.

symbolic interactionist
differential association
labeling
social disorganization

10. Which of the following is NOT one of the four major elements of differential association theory:

duration
intensity
frequency
quantity

11. According to your text, which theory has been criticized by many for being
untestable:

Merton's strain theory
Sutherland's differential association theory
Becker's labeling theory
Cohen's subculture theory

12. Primary deviation:

is of little concern to labeling theorists unless it elicits a reaction
inevitably leads the individual to embark on a deviant career
leads the labeled individual to commit to a deviant identity
all of the above

13. A conflict theorist believes:

nothing is inherently deviant
in focusing on the individual deviant
the key to understanding deviance is understanding inequality
both "a" and "c" are correct

14. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the feminist perspective on deviance:

feminist sociologists believe deviance is relative
feminist sociologists believe deviance need not exist
feminist sociologists believe gender affects who gets labeled deviant
feminist sociologists believe gender influences how deviance is reacted to

15. Occupational crime refers to:

crimes against employers by employees
an individual or group's illegal use of their professional position to secure something of value
major decision makers in a corporation or government engaging in illegal activity in the pursuit of profits or in the name of national security
both "a" and "b" are correct