Know Your (Dead) Philosophers, Physiologists, and Psychologists Also try What's Wrong with These Studies. Use the names at the bottom to fill-in the blanks. In 1905, devised the first intelligence test. In 1879, the first psychology laboratory was established by in Leipzig, Germany. The first woman to hold a Ph.D. in psychology (conferred in 1894) was . The individual who established the first American psychology laboratory (at Johns Hopkins in 1883), established the first professional journal in psychology (the American Journal of Psychology, in 1887) and founded the American Psychological Association (in 1892) was . , an experimental psychologist, was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (conferred in 1920). charged that psychoanalytic theory as developed by was male-biased. The doctrine known as dualism, which holds that reality is composed of two entities, mind and matter, was advocated by the philosopher-mathematician . The German psychologist, , first proposed the ideas embraced by Gestalt psychology. The school of psychology known as behaviorism was founded with the publication of an influential book written by . developed a rigorous empirical approach to the study of memory. The humanistic psychologist who stressed the importance of positive growth and self-actualization was . The German physicist and physiologist who stressed the importance of rigorous and objective scientific methods in the study of the activities of the human brain and who showed that mental events had a physiological basis was . The English philosopher, , argued that all knowledge is the result of experience, a view that became known as empiricism. The French surgeon, , proposed that language is controlled by the left side of the human brain. developed a form of therapy called client-centered therapy, which stresses humanistic ideals such as positive personal growth. The early American psychologist who discovered the law of effect was . The Irish bishop, philosopher, and mathematician who argued that people must learn how to perceive stimuli and events in their environments was . The naturalist whose research and writings on the origin of species had a directive influence on the early school of psychology known as functionalism was . was a German researcher whose research led to important discoveries in the study of the relationship of physical properties of stimuli to the perceptions they produce. The doctrine of specific nerve energies, espoused by the German physiologist, , holds that different nerve fibers convey specific types of information from the body to the brain or from the brain to the body. The use of electrical stimulation as a means to study the brain as well as to map its functions was first demonstrated by what two scientists . One of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century, advocated the idea that behavior is controlled by its consequences. was the first African-American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. Principles of Psychology, authored by , had a profound influence on the early development of psychology. , who was awarded a Nobel Prize for work in the area of digestion, discovered that animals could learn to respond to completely arbitrary stimuli.