1. The first psychological laboratory was established in conjunction with what early school of psychology? a. functionalism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviorism d. structuralism
2. For a clinical psychologist to qualify to practice therapy, he or she must first: a. hold a Ph.D. or Psy.D. b. obtain a license. c. undergo supervised training by an experienced clinical psychologist. d. all of the above
3. A set of propositions or statements seeking to explain relationships that may exist among behavior and other variables is called a: a. hypothesis. b. relational hypothesis. c. theory. d. deduction.
4. The scientific means by which a psychologist can manipulate one variable in an attempt to measure its effects on other variables is called a(n): a. case study. b. experiment. c. cross-sectional design. d. naturalistic observation study.
5. Assigning subjects to different groups on the basis of chance alone is called __________ assignment. a. chance b. restricted c. random d. experimental
6. The basic unit of heredity is the __________, which contains coded instructions for the biological, behavioral, and physical development of all living things. a. gene b. chromosome c. DNA molecule d. genotype
7. Our behavior seems to be determined wholly by: a. nature alone. b. nurture alone. c. neither nature or nurture. d. the interaction of nature and nurture.
8. The part of the neuron that receives messages is the __________ and the part of the neuron that sends messages is the __________. a. cell body, dendrites b. dendrites, axon c. axon, terminal button d. myelin sheath, axon terminal
9. Chemical substances secreted directly into the blood stream that stimulate glands, muscles, and organs are called: a. neurotransmitters. b. endocrine messengers. c. hormones. d. ova.
10. The part of the brain dealing primarily with motivated and emotional behaviors is the: a. central core. b. limbic system. c. cerebral cortex. d. forebrain.
11. The smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected from the absence of that stimulus defines: a. absolute threshold. b. difference threshold. c. jnd. d. Weber's law.
12. The image that an object in the environment casts upon the retina is: a. upside down and inverted. b. inverted and rightside up. c. inverted and reversed. d. rightside up and reversed.
13. The first part of the ear to be set in motion by sound waves is the: a. tympanic membrane. b. basilar membrane. c. ossicles. d. oval window.
14. The receptors sensitive to changes in body orientation are found in the: a. superior olives. b. the vestibular apparatus. c. the kinesthetic system. d. middle ear.
15. Suppose you have a cat that always comes running into the kitchen when she hears you opening a cabinet. You may say to yourself, "Gee, this cat is pretty smart--she knows when I'm going to feed it." Pavlov would explain that the sound of the cabinet opening serves as a __________, which elicits the behavior of running into the kitchen. a. conditional response b. unconditional response c. conditional stimulus d. unconditional stimulus
16. Answering to your name regardless of who is calling you or how loud he or she is saying your name is most clearly an example of: a. negative reinforcement. b. discrimination. c. generalization. d. shaping. 17. __________ is the process of maintaining information in memory. a. Encoding b. Storage c. Rehearsal d. Retrieval
18. Without rehearsal, what is the most amount of time stimuli remain in the short-term store before being lost? About: a. 10 seconds. b. 15 seconds. c. 20 seconds. d. 30 seconds.
19. Visual imagery is the basis of: a. category clustering. b. automatic processing. c. episodic memory. d. mnemonic devices.
20. A group of similar things is called a: a. concept. b. cognition. c. icon. d. symbol.
21. A need that goes unsatisfied leads to a state of internal tension called: a. an intervening variable. b. arousal. c. an instinct. d. drive.
22. Modifying new information to be consistent with an already existing scheme forms the basis of cognitive process that Piaget called: a. object permanence. b. assimilation. c. accommodation. d. conservation.
23. The first social relationship that an infant has with a caregiver is called: a. mother-child union b. imprinting c. a bond d. attachment
24. The individual qualities used by a culture to define people as male or female is the definition of: a. sex b. sexual norms c. gender script d. gender 25. In today's culture, largely due to the efforts of the feminist movement, men seem to be participating more in domestic responsibilities and women are competing for jobs once held exclusively by men. This trend reflects a change in gender __________ or society's expectations about appropriate behavior for men and women. a. typing b. roles c. identity d. equivalence
26. Intelligence tests are generally considered to be aptitude tests, meaning they are designed to measure: a. previously acquired knowledge. b. one's ability to acquire knowledge and solve problems. c. a person's likelihood of professional success. d. a person's attitudes about education.
27. A person is more likely to give up attempting to solve a problem if they operate according to: a. an internal locus of control. b. an external locus of control. c. a neutral locus of control. d. a biased locus of control.
28. Constructs like motivation and intelligence, which can't be measured directly, are referred to as: a. intervening variables. b. independent variables. c. dependent variables. d. extraneous variables.
29. Which personality structure in Freud's theory operated according to the pleasure principle? a. id b. ego c. superego d. ego-ideal
30. A young child who learns to tie his shoes by watching his father tie his own shoes is experiencing: a. cognitive restructuring. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. observational learning.
31. Psychologists refer to persistent maladaptive patterns of behaving, thinking, and/or feeling that lead to distress or disability as: a. psychosomatic illness. b. mental illness. c. mental pathology. d. psychological disorders. 32. __________ disorders are those in which a sense of doom or apprehension accompanied by such physical symptoms as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach. a. Anxiety b. Mood c. Personality d. Psychosexual
33. A person with an excessive, unrealistic fear of a specific stimulus or class of stimulus is said to have: a. a phobic disorder. b. generalized anxiety. c. a mood disorder. d. schizophrenia.
34. A(n) __________ is a constant, intrusive thought or fear of something terrible happening. a. obsession b. phobia c. compulsion d. psychosis
35. __________ is a form of biomedical treatment in which seizure activity is induced in the patient. a. Anti-psychotic medication b. Anti-depressant medication c. Lobotomy d. Electroconvulsive therapy
36. Freud believed that the motivation for most behavior derived from a. reinforcement and punishment. b. the need to satisfy others. c. unconscious impulses. d. conscious, deliberate plans of action.
37. Social psychologists believe that __________ provide an overall framework for processing information about people, objects, and situations. a. prejudices b. expectancies c. schemata d. cognitive sets
38. The __________ refers to our tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional and underestimate the role of situational factors in explaining the behavior of other people. a. discounting error b. consensus error c. actor-observer effect d. fundamental attribution error 39. __________ refers to an addiction to ethanol. a. Cigarette dependence b. Cocaine dependence c. Alcoholism d. Heroin dependence
40. Aerobic exercise, cognitive reappraisal, relaxation, and social support are all examples of: a. stressors. b. the alarm response to stress. c. psychodynamic techniques. d. coping strategies.
