1. Darwin's theory of evolution was influential on which early school of psychology?
a. structuralism
b. functionalism
c. behaviorism
d. Gestalt psychology

2. Individual differences in behavior and cognition would most likely be the domain of which kind of psychologist:
a. developmental
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. personality

3. Kari is asking undergraduate students in her dorm to fill out a questionnaire about their personal interests and aspirations in order to plan several social events for the year. Kari is actually conducting a type of research called:
a. naturalistic observation
b. a case study
c. a self-report
d. an interview

4. In any experiment the variable that is manipulated is called the __________ variable.
a. independent
b. correlational
c. dependent
d. confounding

5. In experimental research, the group that receives the independent variable is called the __________ group.
a. experimental
b. control
c. independent
d. dependent

6. Behavior having a genetic basis:
a. cannot be modified through experience
b. is the result mostly of recessive genes
c. can always be modified through experience
d. can sometimes be modified through experience

7. The basic unit of the nervous system is the:
a. glial cell
b. Schwann cell
c. neuron
d. brain

8. The fluid-filled gap separating the terminal buttons of one neuron from the adjacent surface of another neuron is called the:
a. synapse
b. synaptic cleft
c. synaptic vesicle
d. postsynaptic gap

9. The temporal lobe is to _________ as the occipital lobe is to _________.
a. seeing, hearing.
b. smelling, moving
c. moving, smelling
d. hearing, seeing

10. Light striking the rods and cones in the retina sets in motion a series of neural events, which is an example of __________.
a. accommodation
b. sensory adaptation
c. transduction
d. convergence

11. According to the principle of _________, objects that are near to each other tend to be perceived as being together.
a. proximity
b. similarity
c. closure
d. good continuation

12. The idea that the entire basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the rate at which sound waves strike the ear is the heart of the __________ theory.
a. frequency
b. volley
c. place
d. Helmholtz-Rutherford

13. Suppose you are in a classical conditioning experiment. First the experimenter gives you sweet tarts, one at a time, just to see how much you salivate to them. Next, before she hands you each sweet tart, she says, "Pavlov." Soon, you begin to salivate just to "Pavlov." In this experiment, what was the conditional stimulus?
a. sweet tarts
b. "Pavlov"
c. salivation to the sweet tarts
d. salivation to "Pavlov"

14.Modifying an organism's actions by manipulating the consequences of those actions is the definition of:
a. Pavlovian conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. social learning

15. Through years of driving experience, you have learned to stop at stop signs and red lights, yield at yield signs, and proceed with caution through green lights. These are all examples of operant:
a. discrimination
b. generalization
c. shaping
d. negative reinforcement

16. To place information into memory is the definition of:
a. retrieval
b. transduction
c. encoding
d. storage

17. Without the aid of chunking, which of the following sets of numbers matches the limit of your short-term store's capacity.
a. 12, 23, 45, 56, 78, 89, 34, 45, 67, 78, 56, 34
b. 45, 56, 89, 98, 65, 68, 57, 43, 23
c. 34, 76, 54, 98, 65, 98
d. 45, 87, 65, 65, 54, 87, 94, 43, 74, 78

18. __________ results when recently learned information disrupts our ability to recall older information.
a. Proactive interference
b. Retroactive interference

19. __________ are informal rules of thumb for solving problems.
a. Algorithms
b. Heuristics
c. Mental sets
d. Premises

20. I have been sitting here trying to write this question for a long time, when suddenly an idea comes to me and here's the question: What is the process that describes the kind of thinking that just occurred to me?:
a. incubation
b. insight
c. deductive reasoning
d. divergent thinking

21. Which of the following brain structures appears to play a role in mediating aggression? The:
a. amygdala
b. hippocampus
c. cerebellum
d. thalamus

22. The notion that an environmental event causes changes in visceral arousal, which is then interpreted as a given emotion is the basis for the __________ theory of emotion
a. James-Lange
b. Cannon-Bard
c. two-factor
d. Lazarus-Zajonc

23. According to Piaget, children tend to develop __________ that are used to organize and understand their experiences in the world.
a. abstract concepts
b. ideas
c. perspectives
d. schemes

24. As we age, we will find that we will likely not do very well, relative to younger people, on:
a. general tests of intelligence
b. tests of crystallized intelligence
c. tests of fluid intelligence
d. tests of both crystallized and fluid intelligence

25. The learning of attitudes and behaviors appropriate to one's gender is called gender:
a. typing
b. learning
c. identity
d. value

26. Which of the following is NOT a stereotype of women?
a. very independent
b. very tactful
c. considerate
d. very gentle.

27. In psychological testing, the average levels of performance on a test for different groups are called:
a. norms
b. standard deviations
c. intelligence quotients
d. percentile ranks.

28. If you score a 110 on the first administration of an intelligence test and an 83 on the second testing, you would probably conclude that the test::
a. had not been normed
b. had not been standardized
c. was biased
d. was unreliable

29. A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus, such as an inkblot, and is asked to report what he or she sees, is an example of a(n)__________ test
a. objective personality
b. projective personality
c. visual recognition
d. visual illusion

30. According to Freud, the __________ operates according to the reality principle.
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. libido

31. __________ refers to whether people believe that the consequences of their actions are controlled by either internal, person variables or external, environmental variables.
a. self-efficacy
b. expectancy.
c. locus of control.
d. competencies.

32. Lynn is afraid to leave the safety of his own home, even to go out to check his mail. A psychologist might diagnose Lynn as having:
a. acrophobia
b. hydrophobia
c. agoraphobia
d. thanatophobia

33. A(n) __________ is an overwhelming impulse to repeat some action over and over even though it serves no useful purpose.
a. obsession
b. phobia
c. compulsion
d. psychosis

34. Peter worries persistently and excessively about developing a serious illness or contracting a disease. Although several doctors have examined him and found nothing wrong, he continues to search for that one physician who will confirm his suspicions. Peter is likely suffering from:
a. a dissociative disorder
b. a conversion disorder
c. hypochondriasis
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

35. John was diagnosed as being schizophrenic, partly on the basis of his __________ that people were out to get him.
a. hallucinations
b. delusion of grandeur
c. delusion of persecution
d. delusion of control

36. Terry is currently taking lithium salts prescribed by his doctor. Terry has probably been diagnosed as having:
a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. agoraphobia.

37. Paul has progressed considerably under Dr. Freud's care, but hesitates to speak openly when emotionally threatening issues arise. Paul is showing the classic signs of:
a. countertransference
b. ego protection
c. resistance
d. reluctance

38. The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to:
a. biological variables
b. social forces
c. situational variables
d. dispositional or internal factors

39. Diffusion of responsibility is a concept used to help explain:
a. social conformity
b. compliance
c. social facilitation
d. the bystander effect

40.A student who fears flunking a test, but instead tells himself "Sure, the test will be hard, but I'm ready for it," is engaging in the coping strategy of:
a. cognitive reappraisal
b. cognitive denial
c. relaxation training
d. projection